Toroidal propeller for drones and planes

A toroidal propeller is an innovative propeller design that features a ring shape resembling a torus. Unlike traditional propeller propellers that rotate around an axis, toroidal propellers rotate in a plane perpendicular to the axis. This toroidal propeller model is built based on mathematical models. Both geometric twist and aerodynamic twist (three cross-sectional profiles) were used for best performance. There are two options, clockwise and counterclockwise.